Lee ebe Aerosol si

{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:Heavy_mist.jpg|alt=photograph of heavy mist|thumb|Anwụrụ ọkụ na alụlụ bụ aerosols]]
Aerosol bụ nkwụsị nke ezigbo ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na ikuku ma ọ bụ gas ọzọ. [1] '''Aerosols''' nwere ike ịbụ ihe okike ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ. Ihe atụ nke aerosols sitere n'okike bụ alụlụ ma ọ bụ alụlụ, uzuzu, ihe ndị na esi n'oké ọhịa apụta, na anwụrụ ọkụ. Ihe atụ nke aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ gụnyere ihe na emetọ ikuku, anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na nsị na mmiri eletrik, anwụrụ mmiri, ihe na esi ísì ụtọ sitere na atomizers, anwụrụ, uzuzu, anwụrụ si na kettle, ọgwụ ahụhụ a na awụfu, na ọgwụgwọ ahụike maka ọrịa iku ume. [1] Mgbe mmadụ na ekuru ihe dị n'ime pensụl ma ọ bụ e cigarette, ha na ekuru anthropogenic aerosol.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobacco: E-cigarettes|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/tobacco-e-cigarettes|accessdate=2021-08-24|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref>
[[Usòrò:Spray_can.jpg|thumb|Spray nwere ike]]
Mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike dị na aerosol nwere diameters na erughị 1 μm (ihe ndị buru ibu nwere nnukwu ọsọ na eme ka ngwakọta ahụ bụrụ nkwụsị, mana ọdịiche ahụ abụghị nke doro anya). Na mkparịta ụka n'ozuzu, ''aerosol'' na ezo aka na usoro nkesa nke na ebute ngwaahịa ndị ahịa site na ite. 

Ọrịa nwere ike ịgbasa site na obere mmiri na ume, mgbe ụfọdụ a na akpọ bioaerosols.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hunziker|first=Patrick|date=2021-10-01|title=Minimising exposure to respiratory droplets, 'jet riders' and aerosols in air-conditioned hospital rooms by a 'Shield-and-Sink' strategy|url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/10/e047772|journal=BMJ Open|language=en|volume=11|issue=10|pages=e047772|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047772|pmid=34642190|issn=2044-6055}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3INDgAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0Diseases+can+also+spread+by+means+of+small+droplets+in+the+breath+called+aerosols&pg=PA129|title=Surgical Technology – E-Book: Principles and Practice|author=Fuller|first=Joanna Kotcher|date=2017-01-31|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-43056-2|language=en}}</ref>

== Nkọwa ==
[[Usòrò:Fly_Ash_FHWA_dot_gov.jpg|alt=Fly ash particles shown at 2,000 times magnification|thumb|Photomicrograph e ji Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) mee: Akụkụ ntụ na efe efe na 2,000 × magnification. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na aerosol a fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okirikiri.]]
A na akọwa Aerosol dị ka usoro nkwụsị nke ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ mmiri na gas. Aerosol na agụnye ma ụmụ irighiri ihe na gas na akwụsi ike, nke na abụkarị ikuku. [1] Ndị na ahụ maka ihu igwe na akpọkarị ha ihe ụmụ irighari  PM2.5 ma ọ bụ PM10, dabere na nha ha.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Aerosols|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|date=2 November 2010}}</ref> Frederick G. Donnan nwere ike ịbụ onye mbụ jiri okwu ''aerosol'' mee ihe n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ iji kọwaa ngwọta aero, igwe ojii nke ụmụ irighiri microscopic na ikuku. Okwu a mepụtara n'ụzọ yiri nke okwu hydrosol, usoro colloid nwere mmiri dị ka ihe na agbasa agbasa. [1] Aerosols mbụ nwere ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na etinye kpọmkwem na gas; ''aerosols'' nke abụọ na emepụta site na ntụgharị gas na particle. [2]

Ndị isi aerosol gụnyere sulfates, organic carbon, black carbon, nitrates, mineral dust, na nnu oké osimiri, ha na agbakọta ọnụ iji mepụta ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Aerosols|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|date=2 November 2010}}</ref> Ụdị aerosol dị iche iche, nke a na ekewa dabere na ọdịdị anụ ahụ na otu esi emepụta ha, gụnyere uzuzu, anwụrụ ọkụ, anwụrụ na anwụrụ ọkụ. [1]

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị a na atụle nke aerosol concentration. Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na [[Environmental health|ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi]] anaghị eji oke (''M''), akọwapụtara dị ka ''oke'' nke ihe particulate kwa unit, na nkeji dịka μg / m3. A ''n''a ejikarị ọnụ ọgụgụ (N), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe kwa unit, na nkeji dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ kwa m3 ma ọ bụ ''ọnụ ọgụgụ'' kwa cm3.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na njirimara ụmụ irighari, na radius ma ọ bụ dayameta nke aerosol bụ isi ihe eji emepụta aerosols.

Aerosols dịgasị iche na mgbasa ha. A monodisperse aerosol, nke a na emepụta na ụlọ nyocha, nwere ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'otu nha. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ aerosols, dị ka usoro ''polydisperse'' colloidal, na egosipụta ụdị nha dịgasị iche iche. [1] Mmiri mmiri na abụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okirikiri, mana ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na eji ''otu dayameta'' iji gosipụta njirimara nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ụmụ irighiri ihe siri ike, ụfọdụ na adịghị mma. Otu day''<sub>a</sub>''meta bụ dayameta nke ihe dị gburugburu nke nwere otu uru nke ụfọdụ ihe onwunwe dị ka ihe na adịghị mma. [1] A na akọwa dayameta olu (de) dị ka dayameta dị gburugburu nke otu olu dị ka nke nke ihe na enweghị atụ. [2] A na ejikarị dayameta aerodynamic, da.

== Nhazi nke nha ==
[[File:Synthetic_aerosol_distribution_in_number_area_and_volume_space.png|alt=graph showing the size distribution of aerosols over different variables|thumb|Otu nkesa aerosol a na ahụkarị, site n'elu ruo n'ala, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ vs. nkesa dayameta, mpaghara elu vs. nkwụsị diamita, na olu vs. nkwenye dayameta. A na egosi aha ọnọdụ ndị a na ahụkarị n'elu. A na eme ka nkesa ọ bụla dị mma ka ngụkọta mpaghara ahụ bụrụ 1000.]]
Maka a monodisperse aerosol, otu ọnụọgụ nke diametrical na akọwa nha nke diametral. Otú ọ dị, nkesa dị mgbagwoju anya na akọwa nha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na polydisperse aerosol. Nkewa a na akọwa ọnụọgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, nke a haziri dịka nha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jillavenkatesa|first=A|title=Particle Size Characterization|journal=NIST Special Publication|volume=960-1|date=2001}}</ref> Otu ụzọ isi kọwaa nkesa nha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na eji ndepụta nke nha nke ụmụ ọ bụla dị na sample. Otú ọ dị, usoro a na egosi na ọ na agwụ ike ịchọpụta na aerosols nwere ọtụtụ nde ụmụ irighiri ihe na ihe na adịghị mma iji. Ụzọ ọzọ na ekewa nha n'ime oge ma chọta ọnụ ọgụgụ (ma ọ bụ oke) nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na oge ọ bụla. Enwere ike igosi data ndị a na histogram na mpaghara nke ogwe ọ bụla na anọchite anya ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na bin ahụ, nke a na emekarị site na ịkewa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke irighiri na bin site na obosara nke oge ahụ ka mpaghara nke oghere ọ bụla kwekọọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe dị na nha nke ọ na anọchi anya. [1] Ọ bụrụ na obosịrị nke bins na abụ efu, ọrụ ugboro bụ: [2]

: <math> \mathrm{d}f = f(d_p) \,\mathrm{d}d_p</math>

ebe

: bụ dayameta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe<math> d_p </math>
: bụ akụkụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere dayameta n'etiti na +<math> \,\mathrm{d}f </math><math>d_p</math><math>d_p</math><math>\mathrm{d}d_p</math> 
: bụ ọrụ ugboro<math>f(d_p)</math>

Ya mere, mpaghara dị n'okpuru usoro ug''b''oro ugboro n'etiti nha abụọ a na b na anọchite anya ngụkọta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na nha ahụ: [1]

: <math> f_{ab}=\int_a^b f(d_p) \,\mathrm{d}d_p</math>

A pụkwara ịhazi ya ''n''<nowiki/>'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ ngụkọta N: [1]

: <math> dN = N(d_p) \,\mathrm{d}d_p</math>

N'iburu n'uche na aero''s''ol particles dị gburugburu, a na enye mpaghara elu aerosol kwa unit volume (S) site na oge nke abụọ: [1]

: <math> S= \pi/2 \int_0^\infty N(d_p)d_p^2 \,\mathrm{d}d_p</math>

Oge nke atọ na enye ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ (''V'') nke ụmụ irighiri ihe: [1]

: <math> V= \pi/6 \int_0^\infty N(d_p)d_p^3 \,\mathrm{d}d_p</math>

Enwere ike ịkọwa nkesa nke nha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe. Nkesa nkịtị anaghị akọwa nkesa nha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na aerosols n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi skewness metụtara ogologo ọdụ nke ụmụ irigbiri ihe buru ibu. Ọzọkwa maka ọnụọgụ dịgasị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ebe, dị ka ọtụtụ nha aerosol na eme, obosara nke nkesa ahụ na egosi nha ụmụ irighiri ihe na adịghị mma, nke na abụghị ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Otú ọ dị, nkesa nkịtị nwere ike dabara adaba maka ụfọdụ aerosols, dị ka aerosols nnwale, ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ntụ ntụ na spores.

Nchịkọta log normal nke a họọrọ n'ọtụtụ ebe na enye ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ dị ka: [1]

: <math> \mathrm{d}f = \frac{1}{d_p \sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} e^{-\frac{(ln(d_p) - \bar{d_p})^2}{2 \sigma^2} }\mathrm{d}d_p</math>

ebe:

: bụ ntụgharị ọkọlọtọ nke nkesa nha na<math> \sigma</math>
: bụ arithmetic mean diameter.<math> \bar{d_p}</math>

Nkwekọrịta log normal enweghị ụkpụrụ na adịghị mma, nwere ike ikpuchi ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ, ma dabara n'ọtụtụ nkesa nha a hụrụ nke ọma.

Nkesa ndị ọzọ a na eji eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji gosipụta nha ụmụ irighiri ihe gụnyere: nkesa Rosin Rammler, nke a na etinye na ntụ ntụ na sprays; nkesa Nukiyama Tianasawa, maka nkesa nke oke oke oke; nkesa ọrụ ike, nke a etinye mgbe ụfọdụ na aerosols ikuku; nkesa exponential, nke a kwadoro na ihe ntụ; na maka mmiri igwe ojii, nkesa Khrgianzar Mazin.

== Physics ==

=== Ọsọ ọsọ nke ihe dị na mmiri ===
Maka ọnụọgụ dị ala nke ọnụọgụ Reynolds (<1), eziokwu maka ọtụtụ mmegharị aerosol, iwu Stokes na akọwa ike nke nguzogide na ihe siri ike dị gburugburu na mmiri. Otú ọ dị, iwu Stokes dị irè naanị mgbe ọsọ nke gas n'elu ihe ahụ bụ efu. Maka obere ụmụ irighiri ihe (< 1 μm) nke na egosipụta aerosols, Otú ọ dị, echiche a adaghị. Iji kọwaa ọdịda a, mmadụ nwere ike iwebata ihe mgbazi Cunningham, mgbe niile karịa 1. Gụnyere ihe a, mmadụ na achọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike na eguzogide ihe na ọsọ ya: [1]

: <math>F_D = \frac {3 \pi \eta V d}{C_c}</math>

ebe

: bụ ike na eguzogide ihe dị gburugburu<math>F_D</math>
: bụ viscosity nke gas<math>\eta</math>
: bụ ọsọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe<math>V</math>
: bụ ihe mgbazi Cunningham.<math>C_c</math>

Nke a na enye anyị ohere ịgbakọ ọsọ ọsọ nke ihe na agafe ike ndọda na ikuku. N'ileghara mmetụta na ese n'elu mmiri anya, anyị na ahụ: [1]

: <math>V_{TS} = \frac{\rho_p d^2 g C_c}{18 \eta}</math>

ebe

: bụ ọsọ ọsọ nke njedebe nke ihe ahụ.<math>V_{TS}</math>

Enwere ike inweta ọsọ ọsọ maka ụdị ike ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na iwu Stokes na ejide, mgbe ahụ, iguzogide mmegharị ahụ na adabere na ọsọ. Ihe na adịgide adịgide nke nha ''b''ụ mmegharị igwe (B) nke ihe: [1]

: <math>B = \frac{V}{F_D} = \frac {C_c}{3 \pi \eta d}</math>

Akụkụ na agagharị na ọsọ ọ bụla ezi uche dị na ya ''na'' eru nso ọsọ ọsọ ya na oge e folding nke ya na oge ezumike: [1]

: <math>V(t) = V_{f}-(V_{f}-V_{0})e^{-\frac{t}{\tau}}</math>

ebe:

: bụ ọsọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe n'oge t<math>V(t)</math>
: bụ ọsọ ikpeazụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe<math>V_f</math>
: bụ ọsọ mbụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe<math>V_0</math>

Iji kọwaa mmetụta nke ọdịdị nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị na abụghị spherical, a na etinye ihe mgbazi a maara dị ka ''ihe'' ọdịdị dị ike na iwu Stokes. A na akọwa ya dị ka oke nke ike na eguzogide nke ihe na adịghị mma na nke ihe na'ime ihe na agba gburugburu nke nwere otu olu na ọsọ: [1]

: <math>\chi = \frac{F_D}{3 \pi \eta V d_e}</math>

ebe:

: bụ ihe na eme ka ọ dị ike<math>\chi</math>

=== Obosara ikuku ===
A na akọwa dayameta aerodynamic nke ihe na adịghị mma dị ka dayameta nke ihe na'akụkụ gburugburu nke nwere njupụta nke 1000 kg / m3 na otu ọsọ ahụ dị ka ihe na enweghị isi.

N'ileghara mgbazi mgbapụ anya, ụmụ irighiri ihe ahụ na ada na ọsọ ọsọ nke kwekọrọ na square nke dayameta ikuku, da: [1]

: <math>V_{TS} = \frac{\rho_0 d_a^2 g}{18 \eta}</math>

ebe

: = njupụta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe (1000 kg/m3).<math>\ \rho_0</math>

Usoro a na enye dayameta ikuku: [1]

: <math>d_a=d_e\left(\frac{\rho_p}{\rho_0 \chi}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} </math>

Otu onye nwere ike itinye dayameta aerodynamic na mmetọ particulate ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ndị a na eku ume iji buo amụma ebe dị n'ime usoro iku ume dị otú ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ na emepụta ọgwụ na e

ejikarị dayameta aerodynamic, ọ bụghị dayameta geometric, iji gosipụta ụmụ irighiri  na ọgwụ ndị a na-eku ume. [citation needed]

=== Ọganihu ===
Nkwurịta okwu gara aga lekwasịrị anya na otu aerosol particles. N'ụzọ dị iche, ''aerosol dynamics'' na akọwa evolushọn nke ọnụ ọgụgụ aerosol zuru oke. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ga agbanwe ka oge na aga n'ihi ọtụtụ usoro. Usoro mpụga nke na ebugharị ụmụ irighiri ihe n'èzí mpụga gas a na amụ gụnyere mgbasa, nkwụsị nke ike ndọda, na ụgwọ eletrik na ike ndị ọzọ dị n'èstre nke na akpata mbata nke ụmụ irighari. Usoro nke abụọ nke usoro dị n'ime otu gas gụnyere mmepụta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe (nucleation), evaporation, chemical reaction, na coagulation. [1]

Usoro dị iche iche a na akpọ ''Aerosol General Dynamic Equation'' (GDE) na akọwa evolushọn nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na aerosol n'ihi usoro ndị a.

: <math>\frac{\partial{n_i}}{\partial{t}} = -\nabla \cdot n_i \mathbf{q} +\nabla \cdot D_p\nabla_i n_i+ \left(\frac{\partial{n_i}}{\partial{t}}\right)_\mathrm{growth} + \left(\frac{\partial{n_i}}{\partial{t}}\right)_\mathrm{coag} -\nabla \cdot \mathbf{q}_F n_i</math>

Mgbanwe n'oge = njem convective + mgbasa Brownian + mmekọrịta gas-particle + coagulation + mbata site na ike mpụga

Ebe:

: bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe nke nha ụdị<math>n_i</math><math>i</math> 
: bụ ọsọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe<math>\mathbf{q}</math>
: bụ Stokes Einstein diffusivity<math>D_p</math>
: bụ ọsọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe jikọtara ya na ike mpụga<math>\mathbf{q}_F</math>

==== Mkpịsị ọbara ====
[[Usòrò:Aerosol_1.png|thumb]]
Ka ụmụ irighiri ihe na droplets na aerosol na emetụta ibe ha, ha nwere ike ịnata coalescence ma ọ bụ aggregation. Usoro a na eduga na mgbanwe na nkesa aerosol, na ọnọdụ na abawanye na dayameta ka ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na ebelata. [1] N'oge ụfọdụ, ụmụ irighari nwere ike ịdọwa n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụ irighri; Otú ọ dị, usoro a na emekarị na ụmụ irighir ihe buru ibu maka ịtụle dị ka aerosols.

==== Ọchịchị dị ike ====
Ọnụ ọgụgụ Knudsen nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na akọwa usoro atọ dị iche iche na achịkwa omume nke aerosol:

: <math>K_n=\frac{2\lambda}{d}</math>

ebe bụ ụzọ efu I nke gas na akwụsi ike ma bụrụ dayameta nke ihe ahụ.<math>\lambda</math><math>d</math><ref name="Baron&Willeke">{{Cite book|author=Baron|first=P. A.|date=2001|chapter=Gas and Particle Motion|title=Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications}}</ref> Maka ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'ime ''ọchịchị'' mkpụrụ ndụ n'efu, Kn >> 1; ụmụ irighari obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụzọ nnwere onwe nke gas na akwụsi ike.<ref name="DeCarlo2004">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/027868290903907|author=DeCarlo|first=P.F.|date=2004|title=Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1185–1205}}</ref> N'ọchịchị a, ụmụ irighiri ihe na emekọrịta ihe na gas na akwụsi ike site na usoro "ballistic" na emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ gas. N 'ihi nke a, ha na akpa àgwà yiri nke gas molecules, na agbaso usoro ma na agbasa ngwa ngwa site na mmegharị Brownian. Njikọ nke oke na agafe n'ime usoro nnwere onwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ bụ:

: <math> I = \frac{\pi a^2}{k_b} \left( \frac{P_\infty}{T_\infty} - \frac{P_A}{T_A} \right) \cdot C_A \alpha </math>

ebe a bụ r''a''dius nke ụmụ irighiri , P∞ na PA bụ nrụgide dị anya si''t''e na droplet na n'elu droplet n'otu n'otu, kb bụ Boltzmann na adịgide adịgide, T bụ okpomọkụ, CA pụtara ọsọ okpomọkụ na ''α'' bụ coefficient nke ọnụ ọgụgụ. [citation needed] Nweta nke usoro a na ewere nrụgide na adịkarị na coefficient diffusion na adịgidere.

Akụkụ dị n'ọchịchị na aga n'ihu mgbe Kn << 1.<ref name="DeCarlo2004">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/027868290903907|author=DeCarlo|first=P.F.|date=2004|title=Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1185–1205}}</ref> N'ọchịchị a, ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ahụ buru ibu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụzọ na enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke gas na akwụsi ike, nke pụtara na gas na arụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri na aga n'ihu na aga gburugburu ụmụ irighari ahụ.<ref name="DeCarlo2004" /> Mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime ọchịchị a bụ:

: <math> I_{cont} \sim \frac{4 \pi a M_A D_{AB}}{RT} \left( P_{A \infty} - P_{AS}\right)</math>

e''b''e a bụ ''r<sub>a</sub>''dius nke ihe ''A'', M''A'' bụ oke nke ihe A na eme, DAB bụ coefficien''t'' mgbasa ozi n'etiti  A na B, R bụ ezigbo gas na adịgide adịgide, T bụ okpomọkụ (na nkeji zuru oke dị ka kelvin), na PA∞ na PAS bụ nrụgide na enweghị njedebe na n'elu. [citation needed]

''Ọchịchị mgbanwe'' ahụ nwere ụmụ irighiri ihe niile dị n'etiti usoro nnwere onwe na usoro na aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ Kn ≈ 1. Ike nke ihe na ahụ bụ ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke mmekọrịta ya na mkpụrụ ndụ gas n'otu n'otu na mmekọrịta macroscopic. Usoro nke ọkara nke na akọwa oke na aga bụ:

: <math> I = I_{cont} \cdot \frac{1 + K_n}{1 + 1.71 K_n + 1.33 {K_n}^2}</math>

ebe Icont bụ oke na aga n'ihu na ọchịchị na aga nke ọma. [citation needed] A na akpọ usoro a usoro Fuchs Sutugin interpolation. Usoro ndị a anaghị atụle mmetụta nke okpomọkụ.

==== Nkewa ====
[[Usòrò:Cond_n_evap.svg|alt=graph showing the process of condensation and evaporation on a molecular level|thumb|Mmiri na esi ísì ụtọ]]
Echiche nkewa nke aerosol na achịkwa condensation na evaporation site na elu aerosol, n'otu n'otu. Njikọ nke oke na eme ka ọnọdụ nke nkesa nke aerosol mụbaa; n'aka nke ọzọ, evaporation na eme gore ọnọdụ ahụ belata. Nucleation bụ usoro nke ịmepụta aerosol mass site na condensation nke gas precursor, ọkachasị ikuku. Net condensation nke ikuku na achọ supersaturation, nrụgide dị ukwuu karịa nrụgide ikuku ya. Nke a nwere ike ime n'ihi  atọ: [citation needed]

# Ibelata okpomọkụ nke usoro ahụ na ebelata nrụgide ikuku.
# Mgbanwe kemịkal nwere ike ịbawanye nrụgide nke gas ma ọ bụ belata nrụgide ikuku ya.
# Mgbakwunye nke ikuku na agbakwunye na usoro ahụ nwere ike belata nrụgide ikuku dị ka iwu Raoult si dị.

E nwere ụdị usoro nucleation abụọ. Gases na ejikarị n'elu ihe ndị dị na aerosol, nke a maara dị ka heterogeneous nucleation. Usoro a na eme ka dayameta dị n'ụdị nkesa nke nha nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na adịgide adịgide. [1] Site na oke oke oke na enweghị elu kwesịrị ekwesị, ụmụ irighari nwere ike ịtachi na enweghị elu dịbu adịgide, nke a maara dị ka homogeneous '''nucleation'''. Nke a na ebute mgbakwunye nke obere, ụmụ irighiri ihe na eto ngwa ngwa na nkesa nha ụmụ irighari.

Mmiri na ekpuchi ụmụ irighiri ihe na aerosols, na eme ka ha rụọ ọrụ, na emekarị n'ihe gbasara ịmepụta mmiri igwe ojii (dị ka igwe ojii sitere na aerosol site na osisi dị n'oké ọhịa).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spracklen|first=Dominick V|date=2008-12-28|title=Boreal forests, aerosols and the impacts on clouds and climate|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2008.0201|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|language=en|volume=366|issue=1885|pages=4613–4626|doi=10.1098/rsta.2008.0201|pmid=18826917|issn=1364-503X}}</ref> N'ịgbaso usoro Kelvin (dabere na nkwonkwo nke mmiri mmiri), obere ụmụ irighiri ihe chọrọ iru mmiri dị elu iji nọgide na enwe nguzozi karịa ụmụ irighari buru ibu. Usoro na esonụ na enye oke iru mmiri na nguzozi:

: <math> RH = \frac{p_s}{p_0} \times 100\% = S \times 100\%</math>

ebe nrụgide ikuku ''s''aturation n'elu ihe dị na nguzozi (n'akụkụ mmiri mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya), p0 bụ nrụgide ikuku saturatation (elu elu nke otu mmiri ahụ) na S bụ oke saturation.<math>p_s</math>

Njikọ Kelvin maka nrụgide ikuku saturation n'elu elu gbagọrọ agbagọ bụ:

: <math> \ln{p_s \over p_0} = \frac{2 \sigma M}{RT \rho \cdot r_p} </math>

ebe ''r''p drople''t'' radius, ''σ'' elu elu tension nke droplet, ''ρ'' density nke ''m''miri, M molar mass, T okpomọkụ, na R molar gas constant.

==== Ngwọta maka usoro nhazi ihe n'ozuzu ====
Enweghị ngwọta n'ozuzu maka usoro nhazi nke ihe (GDE); [1] usoro a na ejikarị eme ihe iji dozie usoro nhazi nke usoro gụnyere: [2]

* Ụzọ oge<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0009-2509(64)85047-8|title=Some problems in particle technology|journal=Chemical Engineering Science|volume=19|issue=8|pages=555–574|year=1964|author=Hulburt|first=H.M.}}</ref>
* Usoro modal / nkewa, na<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0021-9797(90)90445-T|title=A discrete-sectional model for particulate production by gas-phase chemical reaction and aerosol coagulation in the free-molecular regime|journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science|volume=139|issue=1|pages=63–86|year=1990|author=Landgrebe|first=James D.}}</ref>
* Usoro quadrature nke oge / usoro mgbasawanye nke oge Taylor, na<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/02786829708965471|title=Description of Aerosol Dynamics by the Quadrature Method of Moments|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=27|issue=2|pages=255–265|year=1997|author=McGraw|first=Robert}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.07.009|title=Solution of population balance equations using the direct quadrature method of moments|journal=[[Journal of Aerosol Science]]|volume=36|issue=1|pages=43–73|year=2005|author=Marchisio|first=Daniele L.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/02786820802232972|title=A New Moment Method for Solving the Coagulation Equation for Particles in Brownian Motion|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=42|issue=9|pages=705–713|year=2008|author=Yu|first=Mingzhou}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.03.001|title=Taylor-expansion moment method for agglomerate coagulation due to Brownian motion in the entire size regime|journal=Journal of Aerosol Science|volume=40|issue=6|pages=549–562|year=2009|author=Yu|first=Mingzhou}}</ref>
* Usoro Monte Carlo.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.14356/kona.2005007|title=Modelling of Particulate Processes|journal=KONA Powder and Particle Journal|volume=23|pages=18–35|year=2005|author=Kraft|first=Murkus}}</ref>

== Ọgbọ na ngwa ==
Ndị mmadụ na emepụta aerosols maka ebumnuche dị iche iche, gụnyere:

* dị ka aerosols nnwale maka ịhazi ngwá ọrụ, ime nchọpụta, na ịnwale ihe nnwale na nzacha ikuku; [1]
* iji nye deodorants, paint, na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na azụ ahịa na sprays; [1]
* maka mgbasa na ọrụ ugbo
* maka ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa iku ume; [1] na
* na usoro injection mmanụ na teknụzụ ọkụ ndị ọzọ.

Ụfọdụ ngwaọrụ maka ịmepụta aerosols bụ: [1]

* Mmiri aerosol
* Atomizer nozzle ma ọ bụ nebulizer
* Electrospray
* Cigarette eletrọniki
* Onye na emepụta ikuku na eme mkpọtụ (VOAG)

== Nkwụsi ike nke aerosol particles mepụtara ==
Nkwụsi ike nke agglomerates nanoparticle dị oke mkpa maka ịtụle nkesa nha nke ụmụ irighiri ikuku sitere na nano powders ma ọ bụ isi mmalite ndị ọzọ. N'ebe ọrụ nanotechnology, ndị ọrụ nwere ike ikpughe site na iku ume na ihe ndị nwere ike igbu egbu n'oge njikwa na nhazi nke nanomaterials. Nanoparticles n'ime ikuku na emekarị agglomerates n'ihi ike na adọrọ mmasị n'etiti ihe ndị dị n'ime, dị ka ike van der Waals ma ọ bụ ike electrostatic ma ọ bụrụ na a na akwụ ụgwọ ihe ndị ahụ. N'ihi ya, a na ahụkarị ụmụ irighiri aerosol dị ka agglomerates karịa ụmụ irighari ọ bụla. Maka ikpughe na nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke ikuku nanoparticles, ọ dị mkpa ịmara banyere nkesa nha nke aerosols. Mgbe ụmụ mmadụ na ekuru ya, a na etinye ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị nwere dayameta dị iche iche n'ebe dị iche iche nke usoro iku ume dị n'etiti na nke dịpụrụ adịpụ. E gosipụtara na ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na nanoscale na abanye n'ihe mgbochi ikuku ọbara n'ime akpa ume ma na agafe n'ime akụkụ nke abụọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ, dị ka ụbụrụ, obi na imeju. Ya mere, ihe ọmụma banyere nkwụsi ike nke nanoparticle agglomerates dị mkpa maka ịkọ ọdịdị nke aerosol particles, nke na enyere aka nyochaa ihe ize ndụ ha nwere ike inwe n'ahụ mmadụ.

E guzobere usoro nnwale dị iche iche iji nwalee nkwụsi ike nke ụmụ irighiri ikuku na ikike ha nwere ịpụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Usoro zuru oke a kọrọ n'oge na adịbeghị anya nwere ike ịnọgide na enwe usoro aerosolization siri ike ma mepụta aerosols nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma na nha dị mma site na nano powders.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Yaobo|author=Ding|title=A system to assess the stability of airborne nanoparticle agglomerates under aerodynamic shear|journal=Journal of Aerosol Science|volume=88|year=2015|issue=|pages=98–108|doi=10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.06.001}}</ref> Enwere ike ịmụ ikike deagglomeration nke ihe dị iche iche na efe efe site na iji oghere dị oke egwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=B.|author=Stahlmecke|year=2009|title=Investigation of airborne nanopowder agglomerate stability in an orifice under various differential pressure conditions|journal=Journal of Nanoparticle Research|volume=11|issue=7|pages=1625–1635|doi=10.1007/s11051-009-9731-x}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, e mepụtara ngwaọrụ na agbawa mmetụta iji nyochaa ike njikọ n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=S.|author=Froeschke|year=2003|title=Impact fragmentation of nanoparticle agglomerates|journal=Journal of Aerosol Science|volume=34|issue=3|pages=275–287|doi=10.1016/S0021-8502(02)00185-4}}</ref>

Enwere ike ịhụ usoro nyocha nke deagglomeration site na mmepe nke ụdị dị iche iche nke usoro dị ugbu a. Enwere ike ịhazi ohere nke deagglomeration nke aerosol particles na ntọala ọrụ maka nanomaterials dị iche iche ma ọ bụrụ na usoro ntụaka dị. Maka ebumnuche a, enwere ike ịmalite ntụnyere nke nyocha site na nhazi dị iche iche iji nyochaa mmetụta nke njirimara usoro na njirimara nke aerosols nke nanomaterials mepụtara.

== Nchọpụta ==
Aerosol nwere ike ịlele n'ebe ma ọ bụ site na usoro mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ.

=== N'ọnọdụ ndị a hụrụ ===
Ụfọdụ usoro nyocha dị n'ebe ahụ gụnyere:

* Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS)
* Differential mobility analyzer (DMA)
* Electrical aerosol spectrometer (EAS)
* Aerodynamic particle sizer (APS)
* Aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC)
* [[Wide range particle spectrometer]] (WPS)
* [[Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor|Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit]] Impactor(MOUDI)
* Condensation particle counter (CPC)
* [[Epiphaniometer]]
* [[Electrical low pressure impactor|Mmetụta eletrik dị ala]] (ELPI)
* Aerosol particle mass-analyser (APM)
* Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyser (CPMA)

=== Ụzọ mmetụta dị anya ===
Ụzọ mmetụta dị anya gụnyere:

*

=== Nlere anya ahọpụtara nha ===
Ihe nwere ike itinye n'ime imi, ọnụ, pharynx na larynx (mpaghara isi ikuku), miri n'ime traktị iku ume (site na trachea ruo na bronchioles ọnụ), ma ọ bụ na mpaghara alveolar.[48] Ebe a na etinye ihe ndị aerosol dị n'ime usoro iku ume na ekpebisi ike mmetụta ahụike nke ikpughe ikuku ikuku dị otú ahụ.[48] Ihe omume a mere ka ndị mmadụ chepụta aerosol samplers nke na ahọrọ akụkụ nke ikuku aerosol na erute akụkụ ụfọdụ nke akụkụ iku ume.[49] Ọmụmaatụ nke akụkụ ndị a nke oke nha nke ikuku ikuku, dị mkpa na ahụike ọrụ, gụnyere ụmụ irighiri ihe na ekuku ume, thoracic, na iku ume. Iberibe nke nwere ike ịbanye n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke usoro iku ume na adabere na ntinye nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'akụkụ elu nke ikuku.[50]. The inhalable ụmụ irighiri irighiri, kọwara dị ka nkezi nke irighiri ihe mbụ na ikuku nwere ike ịbanye imi ma ọ bụ ọnụ, dabere na mpụga ifufe ọsọ na direction na na urughuru size nkesa site aerodynamic dayameta.[51] Iberibe thoracic bụ oke nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na ikuku ambient nke nwere ike iru n'akụkụ thorax ma ọ bụ obi.[52]. Ihe dị nta nke na ekuku ume bụ oke nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na ikuku nwere ike iru mpaghara alveolar.[53] Iji tụọ akụkụ dị nta nke ikuku iku ume, a na eji ihe nzacha nke mbụ na eji ihe nzacha mee ihe. Onye na anakọta ihe na ewepu ihe dị ka ụzọ ikuku na ewepụ ihe dị n'ikuku ikuku. Ihe nzacha nlele na anakọta ụmụ irighiri ihe maka nha. A na ejikarị nkewa cyclonic eme ihe maka onye na anakọta ihe, mana usoro ndị ọzọ gụnyere mmetụta mmetụta, elutriators kwụ ọtọ, na nnukwu ihe nzacha akpụkpọ anụ.[54].

Ụkpụrụ abụọ ọzọ na ahọrọ nha, nke a na ejikarị eme ihe na nlekota ikuku, bụ PM10 na PM2.5. ISO na akọwa PM<sub>10</sub> dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị na agafe n'ọnụ ụzọ na ahọrọ nha na 50% arụmọrụ cut off na 10 ''μm aerodynamic'' dayameta na PM2.5 dị ka ụmụ nke na agafere n'ọnụ mmiri na ahọpụta nha na 50% efficiency cut off. PM10 kwekọrọ na "nkwekọrịta obi" dịka akọwapụtara na ISO 7708:1995, Nkebi nke 6; PM2.5 kwekọrọ na ""nkwekọta iku ume dị elu" dịka akọwara na ISO 7 708:1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://diamondenv.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/particulate-pollution-pm10-and-pm2-5/|title=Particulate pollution – PM10 and PM2.5|work=Recognition, Evaluation, Control. News and views from Diamond Environmental Limited|accessdate=23 September 2012|date=2010-12-10}}</ref> Ụlọ Ọrụ Na ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States dochiri ụkpụrụ ochie maka ihe particulate dabere na Total Suspended Particulate na ụkpụrụ ọzọ dabere na PM10 na 1987 wee webata ụkpụrụ maka PM2.5 (nke a makwaara dị ka ihe particulate dị mma) na 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/pm10.html|title=Particulate Matter (PM-10)|accessdate=23 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140447/http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/pm10.html|archivedate=1 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/pmdesignations/basicinfo.htm|title=Basic Information|accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref>

== Atmospheric ==
[[Usòrò:Aerosol-India.jpg|alt=Satellite photo showing aerosol pollution visible from space|thumb|Mmetọ aerosol n'ebe ugwu [[Ndia|India]] na Bangladesh]]
[[Usòrò:Portrait_of_global_aerosols.jpg|thumb|Nyochaa nnukwu igwe ojii nke ikuku ikuku gburugburu ụwa (acha ndụ ndụ: anwụrụ ọkụ, acha anụnụ anụnụ: nnu, odo: uzuzu, ọcha: sọlfọ)]]
 
Ọtụtụ ụdị ikuku ikuku nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihu igwe nke ụwa: mgbawa ugwu, uzuzu ọzara, nnu mmiri, nke sitere na isi mmalite biogenic na nke mmadụ mere. Aerosol volcanic na emepụta na stratosphere mgbe mgbawa dị ka mmiri nke sulfuric acid nke nwere ike ịdịru ruo afọ abụọ, ma gosipụta ìhè anyanwụ, na ebelata okpomọkụ. Uzuzu ọzara, mineral particles na afụli elu, na amịkọrọ okpomọkụ ma nwee ike ịbụ ihe kpatara igbochi mmepụta igwe ojii. Aerosols sulfate nke mmadụ mere, karịsịa site na mmanụ na coal na-ere ọkụ, na emetụta omume igwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/Aerosols.html|title=Atmospheric Aerosols: What Are They, and Why Are They So Important?|publisher=NASA Langley Research Center|date=22 Apr 2008|accessdate=27 December 2014}}</ref>

Ọ bụ ezie na hydrometeors niile, siri ike na mmiri, nwere ike ịkọwa dị ka aerosols, a na emekarị ọdịiche n'etiti ụdị mgbasa dị otú ahụ (ya bụ, ígwé ijiojii) nwere mmiri na kristal, na aerosol particles. Ikuku nke ụwa nwere aerosols nke ụdị dị iche iche na njupụta, gụnyere ọnụọgụ nke:

* ihe ndị na adịghị ndụ n'okike: ezigbo uzuzu, nnu mmiri, ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri
* ihe ndị sitere n'okike: anwụrụ ọkụ, ntụ ọka, spores, ma ọ bụ nje bacteria
* ihe ndị mmadụ na emepụta na ọkụ dịka: anwụrụ ọkụ, ntụ ma ọ bụ ájá

Aerosols nwere ike ịchọta na gburugburu ebe obibi obodo n'ụdị dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ:

* Uzuzu
* Anwụrụ ọkụ sịga
* Anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na ite aerosol spray
* Ọsụsọ ma ọ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ n'ime anwụrụ ọkụ ụgbọ ala

Ọnụnọ nke aerosols na ikuku ụwa nwere ike imetụta ihu igwe ya, yana ahụike mmadụ.

* Mgbawa ugwu na ewepụta nnukwu sulphuric acid, hydrogen sulfide na hydrochloric acid n'ime ikuku. Gas ndị a na anọchite anya aerosols ma mesịa laghachi n'ụwa dị ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], na enwe ọtụtụ [[Mmiri ozuzo acid|mmetụta ọjọọ]] na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndụ mmadụ.<ref name=":0" />
* Aerosols na emekọrịta ihe na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa n'ụzọ abụọ, n'onwe ya na n'ụzọ na apụtaghị ìhè.

:: Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmetụta ''kpọmkwem'' bụ na aerosols na agbasa ma na amịkọrọ radieshon anyanwụ na abata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rmets.org/resource/aerosols-and-climate|title=Aerosols and Climate|author=Highwood|first=Ellie|date=2018-09-05|work=Royal Meteorological Society|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-07}}</ref> Nke a ga eduga na oyi nke elu (radiation nke anyanwụ na agbasa azụ na mbara igwe) mana ọ nwekwara ike inye aka na okpomọkụ nke elu (nke sitere na ịmịkọrọ ike anyanwụ na  abata).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/|title=Fifth Assessment Report - Climate Change 2013|work=www.ipcc.ch|accessdate=2018-02-07}}</ref> Nke a ga abụ ihe ọzọ na mmetụta okpomọkụ ma si otú a nye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name="kommalapati">{{Cite book|author=Kommalapati|first=Raghava R.|title=Atmospheric aerosols: Characterization, chemistry, modeling, and climate|date=2009|publisher=American Chemical Society|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9780841224827|pages=1–10|doi=10.1021/bk-2009-1005.ch001}}</ref>

:: Mmetụta ndị ''na apụtaghị ìhè'' na ezo aka na aerosol na egbochi ihe ndị na emetụta radiation. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha nwere ike ịgbanwe nha nke igwe ojii na ikuku dị ala, si otú ahụ gbanwee ụzọ igwe ojii si egosipụta ma na amịkọrọ ìhè ma si otú ahụ na agbanwe mmefu ego ike nke ụwa.<ref name="nasa">
{{Cite web|author=Allen|first=Bob|title=Atmospheric Aerosols: What Are They, and Why Are They So Important?|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/Aerosols.html|work=NASA|publisher=NASA|accessdate=8 July 2014}}</ref>
: E nwere ihe akaebe na atụ aro na aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ na egbochi mmetụta nke gas na ekpo ọkụ n'ebe ụfọdụ, nke bụ ihe mere Northern Hemisphere ji gosipụta okpomọkụ dị nwayọ karịa Southern Hemisphere, ọ bụ ezie na nke ahụ pụtara na Northern Hemispher ga amịkọrọ okpomọkụ mgbe e mesịrị site na mmiri oké osimiri na eweta mmiri dị ọkụ site na South.<ref>Anthropogenic Aerosols, Greenhouse Gases, and the Uptake, Transport, and Storage of Excess Heat in the Climate System {{Cite journal|doi=10.1029/2019GL082015|title=Anthropogenic Aerosols, Greenhouse Gases, and the Uptake, Transport, and Storage of Excess Heat in the Climate System|year=2019|author=Irving|first=D. B.|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=46|issue=9|pages=4894–4903}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'ụwa niile, oyi aerosol na ebelata okpomọkụ na akpata na ekpo ọkụ n'enweghị iwepụ ya kpamkpam.<ref>GIEC AR6 WG1 - Figure SPM.2 https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-i/ </ref> 

* Mgbe aerosols na amịkọrọ mmetọ, ọ na eme ka ọ dịrị mmetọ mfe itinye n'elu ụwa nakwa n'ime mmiri.<ref name="kommalapati">{{Cite book|author=Kommalapati|first=Raghava R.|title=Atmospheric aerosols: Characterization, chemistry, modeling, and climate|date=2009|publisher=American Chemical Society|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9780841224827|pages=1–10|doi=10.1021/bk-2009-1005.ch001}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike imebi ma gburugburu ebe obibi ma ahụike mmadụ.
* Aerosols dị na 20 μm na egosi oge ogologo oge na adịgide adịgide n'ime ụlọ ikuku n'ihi omume ha "onye na agba ụgbọ elu", na adaba na ikuku na aga nwayọọ nwayọọ); dịka aerosol a na adọrọ adsorbed n'imi mmadụ, ebe mbụ na ebute ọrịa na COVID-19, ụdị aerosols nwere ike inye aka na ọrịa a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hunziker|first=Patrick|date=2020-12-16|title=Minimizing exposure to respiratory droplets, 'jet riders' and aerosols in air-conditioned hospital rooms by a 'Shield-and-Sink' strategy|pages=2020.12.08.20233056|url=http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.12.08.20233056|language=en|doi=10.1101/2020.12.08.20233056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kesavanathan|first=Jana|year=1998|title=Human Nasal Passage Particle Deposition: The Effect of Particle Size, Flow Rate, and Anatomical Factors|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786829808965537|journal=Aerosol Science and Technology|volume=28|issue=5|pages=457–463|doi=10.1080/02786829808965537|issn=0278-6826}}</ref>
* Akụkụ Aerosol nwere ịdị arọ dị irè nke dị obere karịa 10 μm nwere ike ịbanye na bronchi, ebe ndị nwere ịdị arịa dị irè nke na adị obere karịa 2.5 μm nwere ohere ịbanye ruo na mpaghara mgbanwe gas na akpa ume, nke nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nye ahụike mmadụ.<ref name="volcanic_emissions">
{{Cite web|author=Grainger|first=Don|title=Volcanic Emissions|url=http://eodg.atm.ox.ac.uk/eodg/research_ve.html|work=Earth Observation Data Group, Department of Physics, University of Oxford|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=8 July 2014}}</ref>

== Aerosol spray disenser ==
{{excerpt|Aerosol spray dispenser}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Aerogel
* Nnụnụ na-efe efe
* Mgbasa ozi aerosol
* Bioaerosol
* Ntinye (Aerosol physics)
* Mgbasawanye ụwa
* Nebulizer
* Monoterpene
* Akwara ndị ahụ
* Mmiri na-agbanye mmiri

== Ihe odide ==

=== Ihe ndị e kwuru ===
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[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]